Targeted Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticles Reverse HIV-1 Latency

This 2025 study explores a novel strategy to reactivate latent HIV-1 by using engineered bacteriophage T4 capsid nanoparticles that mimic the HIV envelope and specifically target CD4-positive T cells. The researchers decorated the phage particles with CD4-binding molecules to engage latent HIV-infected cells. These targeted nanoparticles successfully triggered HIV-1 proviral transcription and viral protein production in both cell line models and primary human T cells without causing broad T cell activation or cytokine storms. Notably, the activation occurred independently of classic PKC and NFAT signaling pathways, suggesting a potentially safer approach to reversing HIV-1 latency and paving the way for innovative therapies aimed at reducing the viral reservoir.